Greater persistence and reduced penetrance due to fineness. One of the main applications that can be given to the slag is as recycled aggregate in the formulation of concrete or abrasive material applications. The melting behavior was determined by hot-stage microscopy (HSM). Blast Furnace Slag (BFS) cement is the combination of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and fine Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GBFS) gained as a byproduct in the steel making manufacturer with below 70% to that of cement. PMC Ivanka Netinger Grubea, . Steel slag: a waste industrial by-product as an alternative sustainable green building material in construction applications--an attempt for solid waste management This investigation explores the possibility of utilizing granular slag as an alternative to fine aggregate (natural sand) in construction applications like masonry and plastering. Careers. To control foam height, carbonaceous particles can be added to slag with adequate size and low volatile content. Another point of interest is the foam life time, because it can vary greatly depending on the surfactant compounds present. Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) is a fine glassy granule which encompasses cementitious possessions. In addition, solid and liquid phases of the slag (at practice temperatures) in the system have relevant influence on the adherence behavior. The results are in agreement with Pretorious [18], who suggests low or medium values of surface tension in the slag for good foaming behavior. To begin the lab, first all the correct equipment and materials had to be collected. Due to the white color of GGBFS, the cement color obtained is brighter colored when compared to conventional cement. Slag samples, obtained pre (Bf) and post (Af) foaming practice, were characterized. The predominant compounds are dicalcium silicate, tricalcium silicate, dicalcium ferrite, merwinite, calcium aluminate, calcium-magnesium iron oxide, and some free lime and free magnesia (periclase). Email Address is required
These impurities consist of carbon as gaseous carbon monoxide, and silicon, manganese, phosphorus and some iron as liquid oxides, which combine with lime and dolime to form the steel slag. The production cost of this cement is less than the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Greater persistence and reduced penetrance due to fineness. This is another alternative to avoid the risk of slopping. During ladle refining, additional steel slags are generated by again adding fluxes to the ladle to melt. In agreement with BOF foaming practice, the rate of gas generation was found to be an important parameter in carbon-slag interactions and needs to be optimized to maintain optimum levels/duration of gas entrapment by the slag and foaming behavior. CO for foaming is also produced by decarburization of the metal given by Eq. Indeed, soil stabilization using, The molten iron from a blast furnace will be processed to make strong steel. In this area of research, it has been concluded that slag is suitable for use in concrete under normal enviromental conditions and has more fire resistance than the commonly used aggregate, but when combined with Portland cement, slag does not provide increased fire resistance to concrete. Different expressions have been proposed for foaming index . The chemical composition of slag is usually expressed in terms of simple oxides calculated from elemental analysis determined by x-ray fluorescence. The Urbain model [5] classified the oxides into three groups: Modifiers: XM=XCaO+XMgO+XNa2O+XK2O+3XCaF2+XFeO+XMnO+2XTiO2+2XZrO2. Date:1/1/2023, Publication:Materials Journal
Metallurgical slags are considered secondary raw materials and are used or added during the process to improve steelmaking practice. Senani et al. This also requires the addition of increased levels of lime and dolime (flux) for the removal of impurities from the steel and increased slag formation. Nevertheless, material C3 contains very low percentage of ash because it is a petroleum coke. Table 18-1 lists some typical physical properties of steel slag. In this sense, the interest shown by the professional community in aggregates based on secondary raw materials is increasing, and slags constitute a good alternative. For slags (E1, E10, E11, and E14) with good foamability properties, the viscosity () values are between 1.07 and 1.19 poise and the surface tension between 616 and 665 mN/m, at 1550C. Slag splashing, which protects the bottom, the middle, and the upper parts of the refractory lining. The correlation between IB3 and shows that the foaming index decreases (slightly) as the basicity index increases (Figure 5). In addition, the assumptions of a sulphur-oxygen equilibrium between steel and slag and the dilute solution model for the liquid steel phase were utilized in the calculations. Moreover, it presents the highest carbon content. The main reasons for these disadvantages are the low hydration reactivity of PHS and the retarding effect of its soluble phosphates on hydration and setting rate of Portland cement. Free calcium and magnesium oxides are not completely consumed in the steel slag, and there is general agreement in the technical literature that the hydration of unslaked lime and magnesia in contact with moisture is largely responsible for the expansive nature of most steel slags. Tufa is a white, powdery precipitate that consists primarily of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Average critical temperature values (melting behavior) of the slags before and after foaming practice. This type of slag may represent a good alternative to reduce the cost of cement production, contribute to environment protection, and provide enormous social and economic benefits. The operation temperatures and aggressive conditions promote a rapid wear of the refractories of BOF converters and EAF furnaces. This metals recovery operation (using magnetic separator on conveyor and/or crane electromagnet) is important to the steelmaker as the metals can then be reused within the steel plant as blast furnace feed material for the production of iron. These slags are combined with any carryover of furnace slag and assist in absorbing deoxidation products (inclusions), heat insulation, and protection of ladle refractories. Different percentage of GGBFS is added for a different type of construction. In this chapter, viscosity values of end-of-blow slags were estimated taking into account the Urbain model and applying the viscosity module for melts of FactSage 7.2 software [6]. Chemical characteristics of carbonaceous materials. Slag foaming height is well connected to carbon injection rate and slag chemical properties. 2 . Revealing the Inner Dynamics of Fulvic Acid from Different Compost-Amended Soils through Microbial and Chemical Analyses. Slag in ironmaking and steelmaking processes has several metallurgical functions such as preventing contamination by atmosphere, providing thermal insulation, and removing impurities in the liquid metal. In 2006, 10-15 million metric tons of steel slag were generated in the U.S. Out of the total steel slag produced in the U.S. every year, about 50-70% is used as aggregate for road and pavement . Zhang X, Zhao Y, Meng H, Li L, Cui H, Wei Z, Yang T, Dang Q. J Agric Food Chem. - Expanded blast-furnace slagThe lightweight, cellular material obtained by controlled processing of molten blast-furnace slag with water or water and other agents such as steam, compressed air, or both. This is explained by the higher chemical interaction in contact with the slag, due to the reduction of the oxides present in the ash and FeO content. They have high bulk specific gravity and moderate water absorption (less than 3 percent). The slag occurs as a molten liquid melt and is a complex solution of silicates and oxides that solidifies upon cooling. All contents of this website are copyrighted by LMM GROUP and may not be reproduced in any form without permission. The addition of blast furnace slag into cement avoids a part of limestone and coal extraction and makes it possible to diminish the CO 2 emissions that cause environment pollution. Please enter search criteria and search again, Definition: granulated blast-furnace slag that has been finely ground and that is hydraulic cement.-. This information represents a good starting point to optimize the BOF foaming industrial practice. The ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is a by-product of iron manufacturing which when added to concrete improves its properties such as workability, strength, and durability.. Licensee IntechOpen. Therefore, accurate viscosity values are essential for the optimization and improvement of metallurgical processes. When the surface is solidified, spray a large amount of water to quench it, and then dump it to The slag truck is sprayed with water for cooling, and finally turned into the pool for cooling, Advantages: rapid cooling, less land occupation, large processing capacity, less dust, high steel slag activity, Disadvantages: the slag tray is easy to deform, the process is complicated, and the operation and investment costs are large. At 1550C, the predicted average foaming index values for two bubble diameters (DB=0.015m and DB=0.005m) are 5.2 and 15.7, respectively. The .gov means its official. Steel slag destined for use as an aggregate should be stockpiled outdoors for several months to expose the material to moisture from natural precipitation and/or application of water by spraying. The oxygen combines with and removes the impurities in the charge. Slag fluidity and the physics and chemistry of the refractory-slag interaction are relevant to the design of these coating slags. If a carbonaceous material is added after blow, C reacts with FeO and generates CO, Eq. As it was already mentioned, viscosity is considerably affected by FeO content. Epub 2018 Mar 26. JEGEL. The results were completed with information about the thermal behavior of the slags obtained by hot-stage microscopy (HSM). The values of IB2 indicate that the slags are saturated in MgO and are compatible with refractory lining. Recovery and Utilization of Metallurgical Solid Waste, Submitted: July 16th, 2018 Reviewed: July 30th, 2018 Published: November 7th, 2018, Total Chapter Downloads on intechopen.com. 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