WebBIT 1101 Computer Architecture complete lecture notes for first years and all - P. Box 342-01000 - Studocu. At the end of the chapter the learner shall be able to; When the human race started doing some trade, it felt a need for a calculating device. I. Interrupts are therefore assigned priorities so that when two interrupts are received simultaneously, the one with the highest priority is dealt with first. Personal computer users, who never seem to have enough hard disk storage space, may turn to a removable hard disk cartridge. first one is smaller than, equal to or greater than the second item. increased. Floppy Disk: Floppy disks allow information to be transported easily from one computer to another they have limited storage capacity, generally 1.44 MB. Once full, a removable hard disk cartridge can be replaced with a fresh one. Memory size expanded up to several MB and speed was 10 times faster. computer. Dynamic RAM needs to be refreshed thousands of times per second. WebEC8552 Computer Architecture and Organization Lecture Notes, Syllabus & Important Questions (Regulation 2017) EC8552 Computer Architecture and Organization.Pdf DOWNLOAD (Including Syllabus, Lecture Notes, 2 Marks & 16 Marks with Year Wise Question Paper Collections) We are very Happy to Provide your all Requirements in a Dividing 80 by 2 gives 40. Storage capacity is unquestionably one of the most valuable assets of the computer. In fact, flash memory is known as a solid state storage device, meaning there are no moving parts --everything is electronic instead of mechanical. video into a computer. %PDF-1.3 Can hold up to 700MB of information. Email: info@mku.ac process millions of instruction per second and capable of accessing billions of smaller cheaper and produced less heat than vacuum tubes and consumed less A different ISR is provided for each different source of interrupt. Unlike competing standards, SCSI is capable of supporting eight devices, or sixteen devices with Wide SCSI. chapters. The mechanism for reading or writing data on a disk is an access arm; it moves a read/write head into position over a particular track. But this is not practical for a system with many files or many users. While information retrieval is faster than from a floppy disk, it is still not as fast as from the hard drive. multiple processor system with parallel processing. The micro chip technology has enabled reduction of size of. Temporary Result: 1; Carry: 0, Column 2^1: 1+1=10. -- you are required to read the textbook before (and after) each class. A large number of When we first learned about numbers, we were taught that, in the decimal system, things are organized into columns: such that "H" is the hundreds column, "T" is the tens column, and "O" is the ones column. erasability is the EEPROM , which can be erased under software control. The main features which distinguish one processor from another and which determine the performance of each are; In addition the CPU contains circuitry controlling the interpretation and execution of instructions. 2 Central Processing Unit (CPU)/Processor: It is the main part of a computer system like the brain of a human being. To quote many a computer user, "I just couldn't envision how I could use all that disk space. This holding place is known as memory also called main storage and is internal to the computer consisting of RAM and possibly ROM. Chapter 4 (Processor Architecture) and cost goals. How data files are stored in secondary storage varies with the types of media and devices you are using. Color laser printers are still fairly expensive. Similarly, the statement a[n-1]*2^(n-1) + a[n-2]*2^(n-2) + + a[1]*2^0 has a power of two removed. Since 11 is greater than 10, a one is put into the 10's column (carried), and a 1 is recorded in the one's column of the sum. So can be able to read and write into the main memory (RAM). Their input /output capabilities were usually limited to the keyboard and or punched card input and printer and or punched cart output. In fact, programming a PROM is also called burning, just like burning a CD-R, and it is comparable in terms of its flexibility. Data on the track is accessed by referring to the surface number, track number, and sector number where the data is stored. software program. List three common input devices (excluding keyboard and mouse), giving one advantage and one disadvantage for each, together with an example of how each could be used in the retail industry. Examples of network operating system are windows NT, Unix and Novel Netware. They are more susceptible to physical damage and viruses than the hard drive. This is inflexible and so regular ROMs are only used generally for programs that are static (not changing often) and mass-produced. Today, motherboards typically boast a wide variety of built-in features, and they directly affect a computer's capabilities and potential for upgrades. Introduction to Computer and its components Over the years, newer computers have been introduced that contain faster microprocessors. PROM, but it does require the erasing light. Logical operations it compares two data items to determine whether the software They are B. output, Central processing unit (CPU), main memory and secondary Software D. Buses; control bus, data bus, Address Bus, SCSI, EISA, MCA, IV. The real time clock chip is a battery-operated chip that maintains basic settings and the system time. devices. Instruction set architecture System organization (processor, memory, I/O) Micro-architecture Learn methods of evaluating performance Metrics Benchmarks Learn how to make systems go fast Pipelining, caching Parallelism Learn how to make systems less power hungry (maybe) Continuing the "CD" analogy, this technology is analogous to a reusable CD-RW. The speed of these machines was described in milliseconds (1/1000 of a second), Second generation computers (1957-1967) Central Processing Unit is implemented in a single piece of silicon device known as a computer chip. V. Secondary storage/Backing Storage. Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM): An EPROM is a ROM that can be Flash memory is a type of EEPROM chip, which stands for Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. The clock speed, therefore, is one of the factors which will influence the speed at which instructions are executed; a 600MHZ processor will in general operate faster than a 500MHz processor. Newer technologies such as DDR II and SLDRAM (Synclink DRAM) are emerging. Computer System Architecture Lecture Notes PDF Free Download Computer Science Engineering. level languages and provision of system software with the computer. image into dots that the computer can understand .To scan text, optical Need a video source, either a video camera or power. Perhaps more important than capacity, however, is the convenience of speed. The cost of computers decreased and the speed increased. It is designed to perform a specific function and cannot be changed. taken by a digital camera can be used directly by a computer o Video Capture Card Usually place inside the computer's case. blueprint and functional description of requirements and design A computer is an electronic device capable of executing instructions, developed D&T: The input and output devices are discussed in details in chapter 2 of the module. Each column in hexadecimal is worth 16 times the column before, while each column in binary is worth 2 times the column before. Word size also determines the speed of the computer. They are Mainframe computers WebComputer Architecture - Class notes. CD-ROM's, for example, use microscopic dark spots on the surface of the disk to indicate "off," while the ordinary shiny surface is considered "on." class. may be entered into a computer system. hardware components to create computers that meet functional, performance Almost all the computers used nowadays are digital computers and we will They are of advanced technology i. the micro era based on large scale size though today the term is used to refer to large computers. A byte can hold 28 different combinations of 0s and 1s, which means that for example, 256 different characters can be represented. Therefore, it would shift you one column to the left. II. The cylinder method, then, means all tracks of a certain cylinder on a disk pack are lined up one beneath the other, and all the vertical tracks of one cylinder are accessible by the read/write heads with one positioning of the access arms mechanism. Hard disk for mainframes and minicomputers may be as large as 14 inches in diameter. Electrically Alterable Read-Only Memory(EAROMs) can be modified a bit at a I don't mean that hard drives last longer than memory modules or video cards in the pure MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure) sense, I mean they are rarely at fault when you're called in to repair a PC. A. Then we just put this into columns. 9 The DVD is a flat disk, the size of a CD -4.7 inches diameter and .05 inches thick. There are three types of program that can translate programming code into machine understandable form (machine code). discuss the detailed working and components of these computers in subsequent sections of In binary, any digit higher than 1 puts us a column to the left (as would 10 in decimal notation). The data is recorded on the tracks that can be accessed by one positioning of the access arms-that is, on one cylinder. Memory allocation: malloc and This computer is commonly used in big hospitals, air line reservations Removable units also are important to businesses concerned with security, because the units can be used during business hours but hidden away during off hours. This can also be written as [(1*2^2)+(1*2^0)]. However, only one read/write head can operate at any one time. MCA, or the Micro Channel bus, was a competition for ISA bus. product problem - assembly code, Introduction They have higher main memory capacity, reliable and increased processing power (have the capability of holding more than one set of instructions and operate on them) than the second generation computers. A disk drive is a machine that allows data to be read from a disk or written on a disk. Hard disks use magnetism, while computer memory uses electric charges stored in tiny capacitors to indicate "on" or "off.". Typically the clock pulse rate in 2000 is around 500 megahertz (million cycles per second). Hardware: input and output devices, backup storage, central processing implementations for the various parts of a computer, focusing largely on The system unit is the unit that houses the processing unit (processor), memory, the input output controllers and the buses. Fourth GL Programming languages are closer to human languages than typical high-level programming languages. Data are stored in a small indentation in a spiral track, just like in the CD. scan. Analog They are usually called personal computers since they are designed to be used by individuals. This categories are based on size, price and capabilities. For example, a transistor with five volts would be considered "on", while a transistor with no voltage would be considered "off." The chipset is part of the motherboard's logic system and is usually made of two parts --the northbridge and the southbridge. Most computer electronics use voltage levels to indicate their present state. We know that: and so on. A binary digit (1 or 0) is known as a BInary digiT which in short is a bit. Therefore, there must be a 0 in the 4's column, (because what we are actually placing is a 2^0 column, and the number is not odd). As you know, the decimal system uses the digits 0-9 to represent numbers. The first in the Windows series was Windows 3.11 and the latest being Windows Vista. The explosive growth in storage needs has driven the computer industry to provide cheaper, more compact, and more versatile storage devices with greater capacity. retrieve, and process data", What different types of computers are there? The next change came after about 1600 years. using special equipment (a PROM programmer. This places the data in diagonal bands that run across the tape rather than down its length. Examples of this are Ms. Dos, and Windows. Saving and retrieving information from a floppy disk is slower than on a hard (b) List four of the conditions an ALU tests for. Ultraviolet light of a specific frequency can be shined through this The DVD drives come in 2X, 4X, etc. higher voltages around 12 volts). We're left with 1, which goes in 2^0, and we subtract one to get zero. 6.823 is a study of the evolution of computer architecture and the factors influencing the design of hardware and software elements of computer systems. A. Record the 0 in the ones column, and carry the 1 to the twos column to get an answer of "10." really means, but remember that this rewriting is done maybe once a year or so. The drive sells for around $80-$125. Explain the different storage units of a computer such as byte, Kilobyte, Hardware units (Devices) of a computer can be categorized into five units; Micro computers Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM): An EPROM is a ROM that can be erased and reprogrammed. companies, and many other huge companies prefer mainframe because of its Reduce the bandwidth required of the large memory Processor Memory Add 1 from carry: 10+1=11. As we have already noted, magnetic tape is used primarily for backup purposes. The first calculating device, which was used 2000 years ago was called abacus and the improvements in the calculating device in that age were slow. WebH&P2: Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, 2nd edition, by Hennessy and Patterson. A graphical user interface (GUI) allows the user to interact with the system using Windows, Icons, Menus, and Pointers to control the operating system. next change came after about 1600 years. monitor, Keyboard, Mouse, system unit etc. The shape and layout of a motherboard is called the form factor. The processor also stores the instructions being currently executed into the main memory. P&H: Computer Organization & Design, by Patterson and Hennessy. They are expensive to install. Each bit of the register represents a different type of interrupt, and if a bit is set, the state of the current process is saved and the operating system routes control to the appropriate interrupt handler. Ch19 - Chapter 19 solution for Intermediate Accounting by Donald E. Kieso, Jerry J. Sample/practice exam 18 December 2019, questions and answers, KISI-KISI PTS 2 Bahasa Indonesia KLS 9. The data file for, say, aircraft factory tools, may be spread across several disks; thus, if the computer is used to look up tools for several workers, the computer need not read the data in turn but instead read them at the same time in parallel. It is also easy to see that multiplying and dividing by 2 shifts everything by one column: two in binary is 10, or (1*2^1). The processor and main memory of a PC are commonly held on a single board called a mother board. Central processing unit (CPU) or processor BUSES.. INTERRUPTS. ANOTHER ALGORITHM FOR CONVERTING DECIMAL TO BINARY, System interconnects such as computer buses and switches, CPU off-load mechanisms such as direct memory access (DMA), The second generation of computers used A disadvantage of a removable hard disk is that it takes longer to access data than a built-in hard drive. Data files may be stored on or in sequential-access storage, direct-access storage, or random-access storage. They are very large in size and use multiple processors and superior technology. The first place to start is always confirming that the power supply is operating properly. This fact makes it easy to convert between binary and hexadecimal. Many disk devices, however, do not record data on the top of the top platter or on the bottom of the bottom platter. High level language permits the user to use understandable codes using the language structure. Information is stored in computers in the form of bits. EAROM and capabilities Governments specially use this type of computer for their different To read the data, the laser scans the disk, and a lens picks up different light reflections from the various spots. Execute cause the instruction to be executed. The cost of computers decreased and the speed increased. Once the access arms are in position, they are in the same vertical position on all disk surfaces. Northbridge -Definition: Refers to the System Controller component of a Pentium chipset, responsible for integrating the cache and main memory DRAM control functions and for managing the host and PCI buses. Each disk in the pack has top and bottom surfaces on which to record data. Power supplies often fail gradually, giving rise to symptoms that appear to be caused by individual component failure. notes posted are a superset of what I will go over during The MCA bus offered several additional features over the ISA such as a 32-bit bus (although there was also a 16-bit bus), ran at 10MHz, automatically configure cards (similar to what Plug and Play is today), and bus mastering for greater efficiency. 17. This computer is not used as a PC in a home neither by a student in a college. The read/write head on the end of the access arm hovers just above the track but does not actually touch the surface. Record the 0, carry the 1. Icons represent programs, groups of programs, folders, devices and files. Data can also be destroyed if a read/write head encounters even minuscule foreign matter on the disk surface. Begin with one-bit binary addition: 1+1 carries us into the next column. Computer software Magnetic tape looks like the tape used in music cassettes plastic tape with a magnetic coating. All the tracks thus encountered, in the same position on each disk surface, comprise a cylinder. These are devices which are used to store huge information for future use. the 0s and 1s with 0 representing an OFF state and 1 representing an ON state. Looking at this in columns. In such a system a task is broken down and shared among processes Computers have continued to decrease in size but the processing power has Practically, we can simply keep a "running total", which now stands at 11 (a[1]=1 and a[0]=1). They used magnetic tape. write, because when they change their code they can create new PROMs without It may also be defined as the science and art of selecting and interconnecting hardware components to create computers that meet functional, performance and cost goals. A bit is used to represent information in the computer. The program given below shows assembly language program to add two numbers A & B. Starting from zero, we count 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F. At this point there are no more digits, so we add another column. We know that since it is odd, there must be a 1 in the 2^0 column (a[0]=1). In most of the Hollywoods movies it is used for animation purposes. One idea is to "shift" them. A. Since 0011=3 and 0101=5, the corresponding hexadecimal number is 35. http://www.math.grin.edu/~rebelsky/Courses/152/97F/Readings/student-binary, Answers 1 255 2. a) 3 b) 6 3. a) 110010 4. a) 1011 5 a) 13, c) 10 d) 65 b) 1001011 d) 1000011c) 11111010. classified and known as super computer. Let's look at how this can help us convert from decimal to binary. A data bus provides a bi-directional path for moving data and instructions between system components. Cas a model of computation Digital logic as a model of computation Programmers view of how a computer system works HW designers view of floppy disk controller. WebUniversity of Toronto Department of Computer Science 2004-5 Steve Easterbrook. usually called personal computers since they are designed to be used by This is a technology whereby stored data can be retrieved in only the order in which it is it is physically stored. variables, Implementation of functions, Dynamic When you start troubleshooting a dead computer, never ignore the possibility that the AC power to the PC's power supply is at fault. Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)-connections for video, sound and, video capture cards, as well as network cards, Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) -interfaces for the hard drives. Compact Disk-Writable (CD-R): A CD-R is highly effective for storing a large amount of data. Removable disk storage units were developed for use on these machines. give the user output @@TTA When the human race started doing some trade, it felt a need for a calculating The second B. Iomega The most popular removable disk media is the Zip drive from ()(Figure 3). SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) divides RAM into two separate memory banks to increase the processing of the memory requests. We saved magnetic tape storage for last because it has taken a subordinate role in storage technology. this unit. When operating in a sequential environment, a particular record can be read only by first reading all the records that come before it in the file. There are several specific form factors that most PC motherboards use so that they can all fit in standard cases. The p ro c essor ; Ari th m eti c an d Logi c Unit , C ontro l U n it , sy st em This is even, so we put a 0 in the 8's column. They support concurrent users. During interpretation no object code is produced, and so the program has to be interpreted each time it is to be run. Typically, a CD ROM holds up to 650 MB of information. Hexadecimal works in the same way as binary and decimal, but it uses sixteen digits instead of two or ten. Box 342-01000 Thika info@mku.ac.ke Email: www.mku.ac.ke Web: Instructional Manual for BBIT Distance Learning. Punched cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape are examples of sequential-access storage media. Stack and Allocation of C However, you probably want to store the data you have used or the information you have derived from processing; that is why secondary storage is needed. The processor contains the control unit and the arithmetic/logic unit(ALU). B. and accesses addresses in memory. unit, memory (ROM, RAM). Once the data has been processed by the processor, the data can be displayed by the output devices. Commands tell the computer Chapter Objectives At the end of the chapter the learner shall be able to; Internal components are contained in the System Unit. Saving and retrieving information from a floppy disk is slower than on a hard drive. What happens when, for example, a key on the keyboard is pressed, thus generating an interrupt? WebTextbook: Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, Third Edition, John L. Hennessy and David A. Patterson, ISBN 1-55860-596-7A Course Readings Lecture 1: Furthermore, data files, particularly those accessed by several users, are subject to errors introduced by users. The first motherboards held very few actual components. Made of flexible Mylar, a diskette can record data as magnetized spots on tracks on its surface. These patterns of "on" and "off" stored inside the computer are used to encode numbers using the binary number system. RDRAM (Rambus DRAM) involves a new memory design that achieves a higher data transfer speeds but it is expensive to manufacture. Binary is worth 2 times the column before to indicate their present state Result: ;. 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