/CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] endobj >> Bishop. << /TT3 244 0 R /K [556 0 R 557 0 R 558 0 R 559 0 R 560 0 R 561 0 R] /S /P << 194 0 obj L. 115334, 12502(a)(1)(A), added cl. /P 9 0 R 74 483 0 R 75 484 0 R 76 485 0 R 77 486 0 R 78 623 0 R /P 9 0 R /Pg 20 0 R endobj /P 9 0 R >> /P 9 0 R >> In 2013, Indian Parliament made amendments to the Indian Penal Code, introducing cyberstalking as a criminal offence. endobj An Empirical Study. International law emphasizes a supranational concept related to cybercrime. L. 115334, 12502(a)(1)(B), inserted ,a pet, a service animal, an emotional support animal, or a horse after to a person and substituted (iii), or (iv) for or (iii). /ColorSpace << /K 13 /S /P /K 16 However, this distinction is one of semantics, and many laws treat bullying and stalking as much the same issue. /S /P Behera, A. /Contents 248 0 R /Contents 280 0 R /CS1 [/ICCBased 242 0 R] << << Stalking a person online may also involve stalking the person in real life. << null 380 0 R null 381 0 R null 582 0 R 583 0 R 382 0 R 55 0 R 383 0 R /K 1 /S /P /P 9 0 R endobj 57 430 0 R 58 444 0 R 59 445 0 R 60 446 0 R 61 452 0 R /P 9 0 R /Type /Page /P 9 0 R >> >> [52], International law emphasizes a supranational concept related to cybercrime. 106 0 obj [32] Unusual among state laws regarding cyberbullying is a provision that withholds funding for schools who are not in compliance with the provision that they must inform parents of those involved in cyberbullyingboth the bully and the target. /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] << /S /P >> >> /S /P [15], In general, such organizations argue that while the need for legislation against cyberbullying may exist, legislators must take a cautious, reasoned approach to enacting laws, and not rush into creating laws that would curtail speech too much. endobj endobj /TT0 243 0 R 112 0 obj Under 18 U.S.C. /S /Footnote 73 0 obj /P 9 0 R [43], While Snchez' bill was discussed in committee, it has not passed that stage as of 2012[update].[45]. /Pg 25 0 R Cyber stalking: An analysis of online harassment and intimidation. endobj /TT1 245 0 R /P 9 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R 62 0 R 156 0 R 565 0 R 156 0 R] >> << What Federal Laws Exist To Protect Stalking Victims? 42 U.S.C. Section 3796 and 42 U.S.C. Section 14031 authorize grants for law enforcement agencies to develop programs to reduce stalking and for states to develop local, state, and national databases regarding stalking. 42 U.S.C. Section 14036 requires judges to ensure they review the stalker's criminal history prior to issuance of a civil court orders in stalking cases. /CS1 [/ICCBased 242 0 R] http://www.haltabuse.org/resources/laws/federal.shtml. >> /P 9 0 R /Font << Google Scholar Eck J. E., Clarke R. V. (2003). << /S /P /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /P 9 0 R /P 9 0 R >> >> << /Rotate 0 << /P 9 0 R >> 7-39). /ColorSpace << /TT1 285 0 R /S /P L. 106386, div. /P 9 0 R /Pages 3 0 R /S /P /K 2 "Family or household member" includes spouses, former spouses, parents, children, stepchildren and other persons related by blood or by present or prior marriage, persons who share or formerly shared a common dwelling, persons who have or allegedly share a blood relationship through a child, persons who have or have had a dating or engagement relationship, and persons with disabilities and their personal assistants. << endobj endobj /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /Annots [340 0 R 341 0 R] /Pg 22 0 R 208 0 obj 121 0 R 122 0 R null 476 0 R null 477 0 R null 478 0 R null 479 0 R endobj /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] endobj 171 0 obj << /K [4 469 0 R 40 470 0 R 42 471 0 R 44 472 0 R 46] endobj /P 9 0 R endobj /S /P >> Students at her school had bullied her for months in school, and that harassment eventually moved online as well. >> Webenacted their anti-stalking laws in 1997 in the form of the Protection from Harassment Act (PHA) 1997 and the New Zealand Harassment Act 1997 respectively. 17 0 obj 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R 91 0 R 92 0 R /K [8 366 0 R 26] /P 9 0 R /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] /Font << A study on cyberstalking: Understanding investigative hurdles. 52 425 0 R 53 426 0 R 54 427 0 R 55 428 0 R 56 429 0 R 167 0 obj /S /Footnote WebAdult cyberstalking victims are protected by separate regulations from those aimed at preventing online harassment of minors. For example, a student in California who was suspended from school based on cyberbullying claims took the school district to court, citing a breach of her First Amendment rights; the court agreed with the student and found the school district had overstepped its authority. /S /P 169 0 obj endobj /Pg 30 0 R /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] /Pg 19 0 R >> /P 9 0 R Some U.S. states have begun to address the problem of cyberbullying. In the United States, cyberstalking is a crime, however; legislation defining cyberstalking and cyberbullying is lacking at the federal level. As such, its generally criminalized under U.S. harassment, anti-stalking, and slander laws. >> /Pg 30 0 R /TT1 245 0 R WebThis law is in place to protect privacy and applies to everyones privacy and applies to everyone not just people under 18. /K 24 /P 9 0 R /Type /Page [38][39], Washington takes the approach of putting the focus on cyberbullying prevention and response directly on the schools. << /K 2 application/pdf An early example, the Violence Against Women Act, passed in 2000, included cyberbullying in a part of interstate status on harassment. /TT1 245 0 R /P 9 0 R /Pg 24 0 R 139 0 obj B, title I, 1107(b)(1), Pub. New York state passed the Dignity For All Students Act, focusing primarily on elementary and middle school students. 140 0 obj << /Annots [354 0 R] 204 0 obj 157 0 obj /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /Pg 14 0 R /TT3 258 0 R 166 0 obj >> endobj /Annots [303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R 306 0 R 307 0 R 308 0 R] Common characteristics include (but aren't limited to) classic 'stalking' behavior tracking someone's location and monitoring their online and real-world activities. << >> >> << [14], Organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union have taken the view that cyberbullying is an overly expansive term, and that the First Amendment protects all speech, even the reprehensible; this protection would extend to the Internet. /K 6 >> << /S /P endobj endobj 89 514 0 R 90 516 0 R 91 517 0 R 92 524 0 R 93 525 0 R /S /P /Kids [18 0 R 19 0 R 20 0 R 21 0 R 22 0 R] /Contents [233 0 R 234 0 R 235 0 R 236 0 R 237 0 R 238 0 R 239 0 R 240 0 R] /S /P 6 [84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 90 0 R 91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 584 0 R null 407 0 R 66 0 R 413 0 R 74 0 R 414 0 R 74 0 R 415 0 R 75 0 R 416 0 R /Contents 291 0 R An official website of the United States government, Department of Justice. << << 16, pp. /Rotate 0 51 0 obj >> /S /P endobj /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /Subscript /Span 13 [132 0 R 133 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R 138 0 R 139 0 R 140 0 R null 518 0 R /Pg 30 0 R /Pg 19 0 R 30 383 0 R 31 384 0 R] 4 0 obj >> Cyberbullying and cyberstalking, by their nature, define adversarial relationships. /S /Footnote /Superscript /Span endobj 42 404 0 R 43 405 0 R 44 406 0 R 45 407 0 R 46 413 0 R << /K 2 4203] increases penalties related to the stalking of minors. >> /K 14 >> /S /P /S /P null 629 0 R 630 0 R 631 0 R 630 0 R 562 0 R 155 0 R 563 0 R 155 0 R 564 0 R /Subtype /XML /Pg 20 0 R /K 1 192 0 obj endobj 90 0 obj /K [2 499 0 R 25 500 0 R 27 501 0 R 502 0 R 503 0 R] /S /P Like the Meier case, the Clementi case spurred legislators (this time, in New Jersey) to pass a law specifically aimed at bullying, an "Anti-bullying Bill of Rights". >> /Pg 19 0 R 58 0 obj /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] WebInstead of laws specifically covering cyberstalking and cyberharassment, most countries use stalking and/or harassment laws to prosecute the perpetrators of these cybercrimes. /P 9 0 R 625 0 R 626 0 R 510 0 R 131 0 R 511 0 R 131 0 R 512 0 R 131 0 R 513 0 R 131 0 R /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] /K 5 Web144 Green Acres Ln, PO Box 111, Green Mountain, NC 28740 . 6 0 obj >> /K 4 /S /P /S /P /P 9 0 R /K [8 551 0 R 552 0 R 553 0 R 554 0 R 555 0 R] 19 0 obj 402 0 R 64 0 R 403 0 R 65 0 R 404 0 R 65 0 R 405 0 R 65 0 R 406 0 R 65 0 R] /TT0 243 0 R 138 0 obj endobj /K [490 0 R 491 0 R 492 0 R 493 0 R 494 0 R 495 0 R] /K [504 0 R 505 0 R 506 0 R 507 0 R 508 0 R 509 0 R] /S /Footnote /S /P /P 9 0 R /K [7 364 0 R 22 365 0 R 24] endobj (2)(A). 159 0 obj /S /P 11 0 obj /Keywords () << >> 165 0 obj 101 0 obj /Rotate 0 /S /P >> << /Pg 32 0 R (iv). 41 0 obj endobj << /TT1 244 0 R [21], Finally, it's not uncommon for cyberbullying to be coupled with "traditional", in-person bullying, for example, in the suicide of Phoebe Prince. /Pg 31 0 R 212 0 R 213 0 R 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 217 0 R 218 0 R] /Contents 309 0 R /P 9 0 R << /S /P null 461 0 R null 462 0 R 620 0 R 462 0 R null 463 0 R null 464 0 R /P 9 0 R >> /S /P WebCyberstalking is examined with respect to its nature and extent; the steps that law enforcement, industry, victim groups, and others are currently taking to address the problem; the adequacy of current Federal and State laws; and recommendations to improve efforts to address this increasing problem. Under this statute, cyberstalking includes harassment through the use of electronic communications as well as accessing or attempting to access the online accounts or internet-connected home electronic systems of another person without that persons /K 5 /Type /Page 205 0 obj 610 0 R 611 0 R 612 0 R 613 0 R 614 0 R 615 0 R 616 0 R 617 0 R 618 0 R 619 0 R /P 9 0 R endobj TMC Academic Journal, 3(10), 48-62. 133 0 R 134 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R 138 0 R 139 0 R 140 0 R 141 0 R 142 0 R 100 0 obj /K 6 >> >> /P 9 0 R /S /P endobj Law Order [8], The Australian government has proposed specific cyberbullying laws to protect children.[9]. endobj /Pg 25 0 R /Rotate 0 /K [3 527 0 R 32] /Pg 22 0 R "Electronic communication" includes transmissions by a computer through the Internet to another computer. Attempts at legislating cyberbullying have been tried at the federal level, primarily because the Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution specifically provides that only the federal government can regulate commerce between the states; this includes electronic communication over the Internet. /S /P >> << /S /P >> /S /P 135 0 obj endobj >> >> /Creator (Acrobat PDFMaker 9.1 for Word) 94 526 0 R 95 527 0 R 96 529 0 R 97 530 0 R 98 531 0 R << << /K 2 187 0 obj /Pg 15 0 R Australia does not have specific cyberbullying legislation, although the scope of existing laws can be extended to deal with cyberbullying. /S /P /K 1 /StructParents 11 endobj /Pg 24 0 R >> de la Paix, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland, Welcome to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. /CS1 [/ICCBased 242 0 R] >> Retrieved October 14, 2019, from. /S /P endobj 201 0 obj As part of his sentence, the court also entered a restitution order of $164,295.01, payable to the victims of the offense. /K 5 96 0 obj /Pg 32 0 R 72 0 obj /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /P 9 0 R 79 0 obj /Contents 342 0 R >> >> >> /Pg 31 0 R /K 6 >> /P 9 0 R >> << << /Pg 18 0 R /P 9 0 R << /K 19 /TT2 244 0 R endobj >> >> /Pg 30 0 R While 156 countries (80 per cent) have enacted cybercrime legislation, the pattern varies by region: Europe has the highest adoption rate (91 per cent) and Africa the lowest (72 per cent). /P 9 0 R /Annots [343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R 347 0 R 348 0 R] endobj /InlineShape /Figure /P 9 0 R In addition, some of these newly written laws (like one in Connecticut) put more of an onus on the school system, mandating that the school's administration must intervene at the first sign of bullying. endobj [20], While some laws are written such that the focus on cyberbullying is the set of acts that occur within a school, others are more general, targeting cyberbullying no matter where it occurs. >> /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /S /P /P 9 0 R endobj endobj << /Pg 30 0 R /Pg 28 0 R /K 10 endobj /S /P /K [1 465 0 R 32 466 0 R 34] << null 360 0 R null 361 0 R null 362 0 R null 363 0 R null 359 0 R In the US, in practice, there is little legislative difference between the concepts of "cyberbullying" and "cyberstalking." /K 1 /P 9 0 R >> /K 6 endobj << /S /P /Pg 25 0 R >> >> What are the Penalties for Cyberstalking? << endobj /K [0 464 0 R 30] << >> 1 [44 0 R 46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R 51 0 R 52 0 R 53 0 R null Spitzberg, B. H., & Hoobler, G. (2002). 33 0 R 364 0 R 41 0 R 365 0 R 41 0 R 366 0 R 42 0 R] 123 0 R 124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R 127 0 R 128 0 R 129 0 R 130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R Iw6'*Tk5?;IOh"q5e>KFqhe5JN:{:24t5Y5F2\(yQ tkn /K 1 149 0 obj /K 12 /Resources << /TT0 243 0 R Nothing, existing international cyber stalking laws apply b. 209 0 obj 86 0 obj /P 9 0 R /StructParents 1 /S /P /TextBox /Art << 114 0 obj endobj << 113 0 obj endobj >> /Type /Page Acrobat PDFMaker 9.1 for Word endobj >> /S /P /Pg 26 0 R /Parent 6 0 R /Xf1 227 0 R /Parent 8 0 R /S /P /K 4 /Underline /Span /Rotate 0 endobj /Pg 13 0 R >> 14 0 obj /P 9 0 R 17 [161 0 R 163 0 R 164 0 R null 571 0 R null 572 0 R null 573 0 R null /Pg 22 0 R /S /P /S /P /S /P /Author (Svdraa) 14 [140 0 R 141 0 R 143 0 R 144 0 R null 533 0 R null 534 0 R null 535 0 R /S /P /P 9 0 R 156 0 obj This is the Convention on Cybercrime, signed by the Council of Europe in Budapest on November 23, 2001. /P 9 0 R L. 1134 amended section generally. endobj endobj /Pg 17 0 R Earlier this month, we sent an email containing a hypothetical scenario of cyberstalking, based on a number of real cases we have seen, to all the police forces in the UK, the Crown Prosecution Service and (as suggested by two police forces) the Association for Chief Police Officers ( ACPO ). A lot is at stake in a federal cyberstalking case, which is why you need aggressive defense on your side. /StructParents 15 185 0 obj 37 390 0 R 38 391 0 R 39 392 0 R 40 402 0 R 41 403 0 R /StructParents 3 endobj /S /P 71 0 obj /P 9 0 R >> /Pg 13 0 R >> /Pg 28 0 R /P 9 0 R /S /P WebPrvn pedpisy o kyberstalkingu - Cyberstalking legislation Kybernetick pronsledovn a kyberikana jsou relativn novmi jevy, ale to neznamen, e zloiny spchan prostednictvm st nelze trestat podle legislativy navren k tomuto elu. /S /P /Pg 27 0 R [30], Under Florida Statute 784.048, "cyberstalking," defined as to engage in a course of conduct to communicate, or to cause to be communicated, words, images, or language by or through the use of electronic mail or electronic communication, directed at a specific person, causing substantial emotional distress to that person and serving no legitimate purpose, is classified as a first degree misdemeanor. >> /P 9 0 R /Type /Page >> For example, in the case of United States v. Lori Drew, in which Megan Meier had committed suicide after being bullied on MySpace, three of the four charges against the defendant (Drew) were actually in response to alleged violations of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, since specific statues against cyberbullying were not on the books. /P 9 0 R 88 0 obj endobj /P 9 0 R >> endobj >> Senator Frank Lautenberg (D-NJ) and Representative Rush D. Holt, Jr. (D-NJ-12) introduced the "Tyler Clementi Higher Education Anti-Harassment Act", which would mandate that colleges and universities that receive federal funding have policies in place to address harassmentincluding cyberbullying. /P 9 0 R /K 10 147 0 obj >> >> /K 11 purposes: (c) Telecommunications carriers, commercial mobile service providers, and providers of information services, including, but not limited to, Internet service providers and hosting service providers, are not liable under this Section, except for willful and wanton misconduct, by virtue of the transmission, storage, or caching of electronic communications or messages of others or by virtue of the provision of other related telecommunications, commercial mobile services, or information services used by others in violation of this Section. 163 0 R 164 0 R 165 0 R 166 0 R 167 0 R 168 0 R 169 0 R 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 124 0 obj /P 9 0 R endobj /K 26 WebFederal law provides some tools to combat cyberstalking. /Pg 30 0 R /Resources << /P 9 0 R /S /P /CreationDate (D:20110216102934+01'00') /TT1 245 0 R /Pg 28 0 R >> /Parent 8 0 R >> /ColorSpace << endobj /K 9 0 R << /Rotate 0 82 0 obj /S /P /S /P /K 578 0 R L. 106386 reenacted section catchline without change and amended text generally. /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] /K [369 0 R 370 0 R] >> /ColorSpace << /P 9 0 R /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] << /K 5 << >> /P 9 0 R /K 10 /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] However, this is limited to the victims of family violence. /Annots [275 0 R 276 0 R 277 0 R 278 0 R 279 0 R] It often appears as a form of revenge after a fight or breakup. Opponents of the bill argue that since the target of such legislation is nominally teenagers, this would put an undue burden on the prison systemsince there are no long-term facilities for teenage offenders at the federal level. 35 0 obj 219 0 obj /Filter /FlateDecode uuid:d8c3b813-d862-4a2b-984b-af1190141099 The law prohibits both online taunting and physical or emotional abuse, and mandates training for faculty and students at schools. << >> /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] /P 9 0 R << << /S /P /Type /Pages >> endobj endobj /Resources << Nothing; existing stalking laws can apply. >> On the Internet, public messages can be accessed by anyone at any time. << endobj /P 9 0 R /Pg 26 0 R This case is now considered a landmark in the realm of First Amendment issues on the Internet.[17]. /Pg 17 0 R /Strikeout /Span >> 64 0 obj /K 1 /P 9 0 R /Pg 18 0 R /P 9 0 R 11 [122 0 R 124 0 R 125 0 R null 490 0 R null 491 0 R null 492 0 R null 221 0 obj >> /S /P /Pg 13 0 R Under the Dormant Commerce Clause, a state or local law is unconstitutional when it imposes a burden on interstate commerce that is clearly excessive in relation to the putative local benefits. As applied in this context, this doctrine is used to evaluate state laws that regulate Internet use, such as cyberstalking laws. << /Annots [249 0 R 250 0 R 251 0 R 252 0 R 253 0 R 254 0 R 255 0 R 256 0 R] << << 68 0 obj /S /P /Resources << << /S /P /Pg 18 0 R /K [374 0 R 375 0 R 376 0 R 377 0 R 378 0 R 379 0 R 380 0 R 381 0 R] endobj /S /P >> endobj [37] In 2021, the senate introduced two bills at the aim of addressing cyberharassment, the first of which, Senate Bill (SB) 5881, which was mainly aimed at preventing doxing, led to the same free speech concerns as the existing cyberstalking laws. /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /Pg 14 0 R /K 9 >> /Pg 17 0 R >> /P 9 0 R /Parent 7 0 R /K 17 /S /P Jurisdictional and definitional concerns with computer-mediated interpersonal crimes: An analysis on cyber stalking. /S /Footnote endstream /P 9 0 R >> endobj 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R 203 0 R 204 0 R] << /TT2 258 0 R 198 0 obj /TT0 243 0 R >> New Media & Society, 4(1), 71-92. Verified Attorney /Parent 8 0 R This chapter examines various forms of "cyberstalking;" legal responses by governments in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia; the challenges law enforcement officers face when investigating the problem; and the control and prevention of cyberstalking. /P 9 0 R /Parent 6 0 R 168 0 obj endobj >> >> << /K 18 /K 7 197 0 obj /K 14 /P 9 0 R << L. 116249 substituted section 2261(b) or section 2261B, as the case may be for section 2261(b) of this title in concluding provisions. << This is equally true when dealing with cyberbullying. /P 9 0 R endobj /TT2 285 0 R 63 0 obj /Pg 14 0 R /K [6 550 0 R 17] << endobj >> >> endobj endobj endobj endobj /ModDate (D:20110216102938+01'00') /RoleMap 11 0 R /Parent 6 0 R [33], As noted previously, in 2008 Missouri revised its statutes on harassment to include harassment and stalking through electronic and telephonic communications and cyber-bullying after the suicide of Megan Meier.[34]. << (1)(A)(iv). 8-11-09. endobj /P 9 0 R endobj >> It stipulates various ranges of imprisonment for anyone who uses 145 0 obj L. 1134 not effective until the beginning of the fiscal year following Mar. << Washington state has enacted a criminal cyber-stalking statute that threatens its citizens with prosecution and incarceration for innocent online speech protected by the First Amendment. The focus on legislating cyberbullying and cyberstalking has largely come about as a result of the perceived inadequacy, generally by legislators and parents of bullying victims, of existing laws, whether those existing laws cover stalking, unauthorized use of computer resources, or the like. (Source: P.A. >> A 2006 National Crime Prevention Council survey found that some 40% of teens had experienced cyberbullying at some point in their lives, making the problem particularly widespread. Cyberstalking in conjunction with a credible threat is also considered aggravated stalking.[31]. null 516 0 R 133 0 R 517 0 R 133 0 R 524 0 R 135 0 R 525 0 R 135 0 R 526 0 R /S /P 75 0 obj >> << to make someone else afraid or concerned about their safety [1]. /Pg 13 0 R >> /S /P /Contents 257 0 R /S /P /S /P 176 0 obj /K 7 [7], The Family Law Act 1975 (Cth) protects individuals from harassment, including harassment that occurs via electronic communications. /K 15 >> In the case of United States v. Baker, for example, an undergraduate at the University of Michigan was charged with crimes related to snuff stories he had posted on Internet newsgroups, stories that named one of his fellow students. Cyberstalking can include many things including threats, solicitation for sex, false accusations, defamation, slander, libel, identity theft, and vandalism . UNCTAD - Palais des Nations, 8-14, Av. Cybercrimes are a relatively new area of law, and regulations continue to evolve. /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] WebAs a possible solution to this substantial problem of cyberstalking, criminal law has the potential to play an important role in cyberstalking cases. endobj /K 6 null 519 0 R null 520 0 R null 521 0 R null 522 0 R null 523 0 R /K 3 /S /P << Cyber stalking generally involves unwarranted, repeated and threatening conduct of the offender via the Internet or social media platforms, which causes fear, distress or alarm to the victim. endobj /P 9 0 R WebFlorida Statute 784.048 makes stalking (harassment), including cyberstalking, a crime. Download PDF. >> /CS1 [/ICCBased 242 0 R] /Contents 355 0 R /Pg 30 0 R 210 0 obj /P 9 0 R /K [5 425 0 R 23 426 0 R 25 427 0 R 27] /Pg 24 0 R >> /S /P causes, attempts to cause, or would be reasonably expected to cause substantial emotional distress to a person described in clause (i), (ii), or (iii) of paragraph (1)(A). 2 0 obj /Pg 30 0 R Learn how and when to remove this template message, United States District Court for the Western District of Washington, "Cyberstalking, Cyberharassment and Cyberbullying Laws", "Current perspectives: the impact of cyberbullying on adolescent health", "CRIMES ACT 1900 - SECT 31 Documents containing threats", "CRIMES ACT 1900 - SECT 199 Threatening to destroy or damage property", "Government reveals further details on cyberbullying laws - Paul Fletcher MP", "Judge backs student's First Amendment rights", "Court: Cyberbullying Threats Are Not Protected Speech", https://blog.ericgoldman.org/archives/2016/06/north-carolina-state-supreme-court-strikes-down-cyberbullying-statute.htm, https://casetext.com/case/state-v-robert-bishop-2, "Cyberbullying and schools: where does a principal's authority end? 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