In February, 1945, this meeting of the Allied leaders took place, at which they agreed on how to occupy Germany after the war and the Soviets promised help against Japan, in return for various secret agreements. If america was at war , why couldn,t they ration cosmetics and melt the cases of makeup to make war weapons ? Unlike Nelson, Byrnes was able to establish an accommodation with the military services over war production by acting as an arbiter among contending forces in the WPB, settling disputes between the board and the armed services, and dealing with the multiple problems of the War Manpower Commission, the agency charged with controlling civilian labor markets and with assuring a continuous supply of draftees to the military (Koistinen, 510). 2. United States World War II The road to war After World War I most Americans concluded that participating in international affairs had been a mistake. Some were killed in combat or captured as prisoners of war. Later, his status as a successful leader during World War II helped him become President of the United States. This sometimes led to racial hostilities, as on June 20, 1943, when mobs of whites invaded the Black section of Detroit. complete subject and the complete predicate. Darby, Michael R. Three-and-a-Half Million U.S. Employees Have Been Mislaid: Or, an Explanation of Unemployment, 1934-1941. Journal of Political Economy 84, no. In 1939, when World War II erupted in Europe with Germanys invasion of Poland, numerous economic indicators suggested that the United States was still deeply mired in the depression. He ruled Germany and much of Europe during World War II and planned to rule the world! In the early days of the Civil Rights Movement, litigation and lobbying were the focus of integration efforts. Nevertheless, the gains offset the losses. \underline{\text{greed ruled. This new era introduced factories . The role of women in U.S. society became an issue of particular interest in the post-war years, with marriage and feminine domesticity depicted as the primary goal for the American woman. African Americans in World War II Explore profiles, oral histories, photographs, and artifacts honoring African American contributions to World War II from the Museum's collection. The war was on the minds of the children by them having to work in camps and getting taken away from their families. Prime Minister of Britain during most of WWII. Beneath the highest-level agencies like the WPB and the OWM, a vast array of other federal organizations administered everything from labor (the War Manpower Commission) to merchant shipbuilding (the Maritime Commission) and from prices (the Office of Price Administration) to food (the War Food Administration). Hitler looked to see if he can remilitarize the Rhineland. Adams, Michael C.C. This left many of the civilian and military. The unprecedented growth of the U.S. economy translated into prosperity that resulted in millions of office and factory workers being lifted into a growing middle class that moved to the suburbs and embraced consumer goods. Army Air Forces Air WACs. Signed in 1938 between Great Britain, Germany, and France that gave part of Czechoslovakia to Germany; Chamberlain said it guaranteed peace in our time, Location hit by the second atomic bomb 3 days after Hiroshima --> killed 40,000 --> Japan surrenders. How American Industry Won World War II By Mike Kubic 2016 In this article, Mike Kubic, a former correspondent of Newsweek, discusses the role of industry in the United States in World War II. For the United States, World War II and the Great Depression constituted the most important economic event of the twentieth century. The war dictated that aircraft, ships (and ship-repair services), military vehicles, and munitions would always rank among the quantitatively most important Lend-Lease goods, but food was also a major export to Britain (Milward, 72). At the peak of its war effort, in late 1943 and early 1944, the United States was manufacturing almost as many munitions as all of its allies and enemies combined. Your boys, he said just before the election, are not going to be sent into any foreign wars. In truth, both candidates realized that U.S. intervention in the war might become essential, contrary to their public statements. In 1947, about a quarter of all American women worked outside the home, roughly the same number who had held such jobs in 1940 and far off the wartime peak of 36 percent in 1944 (Kennedy, 779). Pearl Harbor was an enormous spur to conversion. Four key innovations facilitated this enormous wartime output. What might the ringing of the doorbell mean? This caused a very high national debt. The high level of defense spending, in turn, contributed to the creation of the military-industrial complex, the network of private companies, non-governmental organizations, universities, and federal agencies which collectively shaped American national defense policy and activity during the Cold War. New York: W.W. Norton, 1995. Chinese American women also found a place in the defense industry. When World War II started, America was isolationist and the Soviet Union collaborationist. : The 1950s witnessed the explosion of a consumer goods economy. Overall, American aircraft production was the single largest sector of the war economy, costing $45 billion (almost a quarter of the $183 billion spent on war production), employing a staggering two million workers, and, most importantly, producing over 125,000 aircraft, which Table 6 describe in more detail. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1964. America dominated the world market of food, minerals, and industry. D. illogical. On the home front, the massive . Explain the "patriotism" women felt when working in the factories. With such a large pool of taxpayers, the American government took in $45 billion in 1945, an enormous increase over the $8.7 billion collected in 1941 but still far short of the $83 billion spent on the war in 1945. The Navy and Industrial Mobilization in World War II. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. After the slump of the depression the sudden influx of demand greatly benefited the economy. On what two cities were the atomic bombs dropped during WWII? The pool of unemployed men dried up in 1943, and further employment increases consisted of women, minorities, and over- or underage males. Despite both this increase in income and a no-strike pledge given by trade union leaders after Pearl Harbor, there were numerous labour actions. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1996. Three days later Germany and Italy declared war against the United States; and Congress, voting unanimously, reciprocated. if woman did not start working then would we have had woman working know a days. By 1945, the percentage of blacks who held war jobs eight percent approximated blacks percentage in the American population about ten percent (Kennedy, 775). Deal between Roosevelt and Churchill where Roosevelt gave Britain 50 old destroyers for the right to build bases in British territory in the Americas. On December 7, 1941, a Japanese fleet of six aircraft carriers and several midget submarines launched a surprise attack on the US military air bases on Oahu (Hawaii) and many of the American ships at Pearl Harbor. What did most American soldiers think of invading Japan? The attack destroyed nearly every plane on the ground and only a few American fighters managed to even get airborne to offer any opposition. The decade following World War II is fondly remembered as a period of economic growth and cultural stability. For months London suffered bombing day and night by hundreds of planes. The New Deal and World War II. In The New Deal, vol. That summer Lend-Lease was extended to the Soviet Union after it was invaded by Germany. This invasion helped take pressure off of the Russians on the Eastern Front by attacking German forces in western Europe. Reparations imposed on Germany following WWI left the country . ATOMIC BOMB. Women have been working since there were women who could work. The most obvious effect of reconversion was the shift away from military production and back to civilian production. Between 1939 and 1945, the hundred merchant shipyards overseen by the U.S. Maritime Commission (USMC) produced 5,777 ships at a cost of about $13 billion (navy shipbuilding cost about $18 billion) (Lane, 8). Available at http://www2.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/recovery.htm, To join the newsletters or submit a posting go to, Budget of the United States Government: Historical Tables Fiscal Year 2005, http://www.airforcehistory.hq.af.mil/PopTopics/AAFaircraft.htm, http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/adaccess/wwad-history.html, www.unc.edu/depts/econ/seminars/Field.pdf, http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/GreatDepression.html, http://www.treas.gov/education/fact-sheets/taxes/ustax.shtml, http://www.treas.gov/offices/treasurer/savings-bonds.shtml, http://www2.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/recovery.htm, http://eh.net/encyclopedia/the-american-economy-during-world-war-ii/. Hollywood boomed as workers bought movie tickets rather than scarce clothes or unavailable cars. Recognizing Complete Subjects and Predicates. Planning for this invasion, codenamed "Operation Overload", had been under way for more than two years. The amount borrowed at the time was minimal compared to how much debt we are in now but it was a significant amount back then considering America never had great debt before. WW2 seemed to put America at the summit of the world. On one hand, private-sector executives and managers had joined the federal mobilization bureaucracy but continued to emphasize corporate priorities such as profits and positioning in the marketplace. Scientists, under the direction of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, played a more important role in production than in any previous war, making gains in rocketry, radar and sonar, and other areas. World War II had solidified the notion that women were in the workforce to stay. World War II is often falsely identified as the first time that American women worked outside of the home in large numbers. By that time, the Manhattan Project had become a colossal economic endeavor, costing approximately $2 billion and employing more than 100,000. Women have ALWAYS worked. Who received Lend Lease supplies from the US? These were not enough to meet all needs, and by the end of the year a manpower shortage had developed. These jobs provided unprecedented opportunities to move into occupations previously thought of as exclusive to men, especially the aircraft industry, where a majority of workers were women by 1943. With the USMC supporting and funding the establishment and expansion of shipyards around the country, including especially the Gulf and Pacific coasts, merchant shipbuilding took off. The fate of African Americans did not match the overall sense of optimism and excitementthat many white Americans experienced as a result of the post war economic boom. The post-World War II prosperity did not extend to everyone. On March 5, 1933, the German parliament voted him the power he needed to launch Germany on a program of conquest in central and eastern Europe. Overy, Richard. Though the bonds returned only 2.9 percent annual interest after a 10-year maturity, they nonetheless served as a valuable source of revenue for the federal government and an extremely important investment for many Americans. Encompassing hundreds of thousands of workers, four major factories, and $3 billion in government spending, the B-29 project required almost unprecedented organizational capabilities by the U.S. Army Air Forces, several major private contractors, and labor unions (Vander Meulen, 7). Did they ever serve with the Marine Corps or Coast Guard? 33 President, authorized use of atomic bomb, and signed Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe. trained in Tuskegee Alabama. Continuing the movements of the depression era, about 15 million civilian Americans made a major move (defined as changing their county of residence). New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982. Introduction. Forging the Military-Industrial Complex: World War IIs Battle of the Potomac. Neither General Max nor the wage-increase limit was entirely successful, though federal efforts did curtail inflation. Who worked in industry after many of the men who normally worked those jobs were sent overseas? Most people at the 37 sites of the Manhattan project didn't know what they were researching because the bomb was so explosive and they didn't know the magnitude that they had. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Such governments usually attempt to resurrect the former "power", "glory", dominance, and "superiority" of a nation/race. The D-Day invasion in June 1944 was important to the outcome of World War II because it answer choices opened a new Allied front in Europe avoided use of the atomic bomb against civilian targets forced Italy to surrender stopped Soviet advances in eastern Europe Question 10 30 seconds Q. Propaganda tool to character who encouraged women to take factory jobs. FDR's death was so hard on the American people because he had led them through the two crisis that had happened and he was just a great president to everyone. The militarys opposition to Nelson had contributed to the accession by James Byrnes and the OWM to the paramount spot in the war-production bureaucracy. The Axis lacked economic resources necessary for a prolonged war. Despite the focus on military-related production in general and the impact of rationing in particular, spending in many civilian sectors of the economy rose even as the war consumed billions of dollars of output. The war question was soon resolved by events in the Pacific. There have been women in the United States Marine Corps since 1918,and in the Coast Guard since 1942. U.S. States Dates of Admission to the Union Quiz, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the military draft, United States: manufacturing during World War II, Office of Scientific Research and Development, barracks at the Minidoka Relocation Center. As Italy prepared to invade Ethiopia, Congress passed the Neutrality Act of 1935, embargoing shipment of arms to either aggressor or victim. The federal government spent about $350 billion during World War II or twice as much as it had spent in total for the entire history of the U.S. government up to that point. Perhaps 80 million lost their lives during World War II. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987. Complete the given sentence by choosing the correct pronoun form.\ (Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews. Were it not for World War II and all of the involvement of women in the military industrial complex, could it be argued, that women around the western world would have perhaps been relegated to certain allegedly "female" job types and occupations? In the United States, the Army and Navy were not incorporated into the civilian administrative apparatus, nor was a supreme body created to subsume military and civilian organizations and to direct the vast war economy. Direct link to Samantha Moone #Writer's Alliance's post I agree with hs4j, war is, Posted 5 years ago. Era 8: The Great Depression and World War II (19291945) Standard 3: The causes and course of World War II, the character of the war at home and abroad, and its reshaping of the U.S. role in world affairs Historical Thinking Standards: 1. The Soviet system was all but shattered in 1941, two-thirds of its heavy industrial capacity captured and its vast air and tank armies destroyed. the fascist prime minister and dictator of Italy from 1922 until 1943, when he was overthrown from power. To a remarkable degree, today's film industry retains the shape it was given by the war . The next crucial. E. increased government regulation of banking and the stock market. By 1944, African American women in domestic service positions decreased 15.3%, while their employment in defense work increased by 11.5%. Productivity Growth in the Interwar Period and the 1990s. (Paper presented at Understanding the 1990s: the Long Run Perspective conference, Duke University and the University of North Carolina, March 26-27, 2004) Available at www.unc.edu/depts/econ/seminars/Field.pdf. Rockoff, Hugh. the first major battle to be fought entirely in the air. At a macroeconomic scale, the war not only decisively ended the Great Depression, but created the conditions for productive postwar collaboration between the federal government, private enterprise, and organized labor, the parties whose tripartite collaboration helped engender continued economic growth after the war. April 1993. In an encyclopedia or botanical reference book, find out what these plants look like and then use them in a series of illustrations that will capture the story's lush setting. becoming involved in the affairs of another person or country. Instead, the military services enjoyed almost-unchecked control over their enormous appetites for equipment and personnel. Though most continued to hold traditional female occupations such as clerical and service jobs, two million women did labor in war industries (half in aerospace alone) (Kennedy, 778). After the fall of France in June 1940, Great Britain until June 1941 alone faced down the huge Nazi. This would also come at a cost when Russia and America being to have their cold war. Bonds served as a way for citizens to make an economic contribution to the war effort, but because interest on them accumulated slower than consumer prices rose, they could not completely preserve income which could not be readily spent during the war. Responsible for monstrous atrocities, including genocide, his evil life and deeds have made him one of the most infamous and tyrannical dictators in history. Ex: Ford, FDR's pres. ONeill, William L. A Democracy at War: Americas Fight at Home and Abroad in World War II. Hitler and Italy's Mussolini governed by a philosophy to authority of the leader over a individual. Although isolationism died at Pearl Harbor, its legacy of unpreparedness lived on. Putnams Sons, 1970. 1 (February 1976): 1-16. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. misleading information designed to sway ones opinion. What were Japanese Americans who were born in the US called? Again focusing on three war-boom states in the West, Table 5 shows that personal-income growth continued after the war, as well. Have Any U.S. Presidents Decided Not to Run For a Second Term? Workers at the lower end of the spectrum gained the most: manufacturing workers enjoyed about a quarter more real income in 1945 than in 1940 (Kennedy, 641). Some have called Sam Slater's mill the birthplace of the American Industrial Revolution. Rockoff, Hugh. Nelson, Donald M. Arsenal of Democracy: The Story of American War Production. Jews and other groups that some Germans considered "undesirable" were the main victims. American aid to Europe ($13 billion via the Economic Recovery Program (ERP) or Marshall Plan, 1947-1951) and Japan ($1.8 billion, 1946-1952) furthered this goal by tying the economic reconstruction of West Germany, France, Great Britain, and Japan to American import and export needs, among other factors. Anderson, Karen. American industry was revitalized by the war, and many sectors were by 1945 either sharply oriented to defense production (for example, aerospace and electronics) or completely dependent on it (atomic energy). Jeffries, John W. Wartime America: The World War II Home Front. English prime minister, appeased Hitler @ Munich. Cold War & Civil Rights, chapters 20, 22, & 2, Ch. Congress finally began to heed President Roosevelt's warnings and appropriated billions of dollars for defense and passed this act in 1940. The Struggle for Survival: A Chronicle of Economic Mobilization in World War II. Samuelson, Robert J., Great Depression. The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. 1946-1950 GDP figures calculated using Bureau of Labor Statistics, CPI Inflation Calculator, available at http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994. \underline{\text{the publican served. population boom, no resources, aggressive country. recognized in 1933 by USA after broken ties, an Allied battle plan attacking the Axis powers through Italy - divides Hitler's forces and draws attention away from Normandy in preparation for D-day, after Germany takes control of the French government, these French citizens disrupt the German military so as to help the allied war effort, all black unit of fighter pilots. Freedom from want The Gold Standard, Bretton Woods, and Other Monetary Regimes: An Historical Appraisal. NBER Working Paper No. The Great Compression: Wage Structure in the United States at Mid-Century. Quarterly Journal of Economics 107, no. The Rise of American Industry. Direct link to raygunner's post did women ever get a chan, Posted 5 years ago. (Darby, 1976, 7. Federal and defense spending figures from Government Printing Office, Budget of the United States Government: Historical Tables Fiscal Year 2005, Table 6.1Composition of Outlays: 19402009 and Table 3.1Outlays by Superfunction and Function: 19402009. The will have war. In effect an ultimatum, since Japan had limited oil stocks and no alternative source of supply, the oil embargo confirmed Japans decision to eliminate the U.S. Pacific Fleet and to conquer Southeast Asia, thereby becoming self-sufficient in crude oil and other vital resources. Roosevelt extended a much larger loan to China and in December embargoed iron ore, pig iron, and a variety of other products. 3. Improvement in the standard of living was not ubiquitous, however. 1938; Chamberlain, France and other countries (not the USSR) --> appeasement: agreed that Sudentenland should be ceded to Germany if Hitler promised to end expansion --> Chamberlain thought he secured peace with Germany. As Table 2 shows, output in many American manufacturing sectors increased spectacularly from 1939 to 1944, the height of war production in many industries. What happened to Japanese-Americans during the war? Often these systems use Secret Police to imprison, torture, or kill any critics. When the stock market crashed on October 29, 1929, the financial crisis had worldwide consequences and the reaction of nations to the dire financial straits of the Depression had a huge impact. 1945 GDP figure from Nominal GDP: Louis Johnston and Samuel H. Williamson, The Annual Real and Nominal GDP for the United States, 1789 Present, Economic History Services, March 2004, available at http://www.eh.net/hmit/gdp/ (accessed 27 July 2005). Available at http://www.treas.gov/offices/treasurer/savings-bonds.shtml. China's industrial northern province, invaded by Japan in 1931 --> League of Nations could not execute authority on countries that didn't recognize it -->US not willing to blockade Japan due to need for trade during Great Depression, code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II, Chinese leaders, enemy before war & civil war after, $ for rebuilding Europe would hold off instability, anarchy, and communism, founded UN, divided Germany & divided Berlin, seized American oil in 1938, no military action. Nevertheless, within a few years, about a third of women older than 14 worked outside the home. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1951; republished, 2001. During the conflict, the Allies outpaced the Axis powers in most production categories. What were the two main alliances in World War II? Hopefully there will never be ANY fighter pilots in the Space Force. The experience of World War I had a major impact on US domestic politics, culture, and society. the gathering of resources and preparation for war. The depression has made it harder for her to feed and house her relatives. World War II provided unprecedented opportunities for American women to enter into jobs that had never before been open to women, particularly in the defense industry. The average income tax rate peaked in 1944 at 20.9 percent (Fact Sheet: Taxes). Over that same period, federal tax revenue grew from about 8 percent of GDP to more than 20 percent. 1941-1945 GDP figures calculated using Bureau of Labor Statistics, CPI Inflation Calculator, available at http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl. Despite American reluctance to be in the "blood business" of selling military supplies, the U.S. Congress agreed to this policy, which allowed sales of arms to the Allies if they paid up front and transported the goods in their own ships. The Japanese-Americans were removed because they feared that they might help them in some way to destroy the Americans. 2 (February 1992): 1-34. Why did Incan rulers insist that all conquered peoples be taught the Quechua language? Well, because of their work in WWll women started standing up more for equality, but "getting a chance" at working men's jobs whilst they were away at war didn't really happen as much as, maybe Vietnam. Lane, Frederic, with Blanche D. Coll, Gerald J. Fischer, and David B. Tyler. The Allied powers including the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union worked together to defeat the Axis powers, which consisted of Germany, Italy, and Japan. According to public opinion polls, a majority of Americans still hoped to remain neutral. The first Allied planning for peace took place in August 1941 when American and British leaders met in a ship off the cost of Newfoundland. (Main Countries) -Soviet Union -France -Britain -China -United States Who were with the Allies? (For U.S. military involvement in World War II, see the article World War II.). Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991. Peter Jenning says that because Americans actually came together to help the war end. The patriotism that the women felt when working in the factories was undefined, unexpressed, and the kind that loved our lives, that loved our country. 2 (June 1981): 381-401. One of the most-known American military leaders of WWII --> liberated the Philippines and made the Japanese surrender at Tokyo in 1945, restricted areas of European cities that kept Jews separated from others. The Best War Ever: America and World War II. Watkins, Thayer. In 1944, unemployment dipped to 1.2 percent of the civilian labor force, a record low in American economic history and as near to full employment as is likely possible (Samuelson). His Lend-Lease Act, passed in March 1941 after vehement debate, committed the United States to supply the Allies on credit. How did the United States and its allies develop and carry out their strategy for defeating Italy, Germany, and Japan? 4310. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000. Women on the home front were critical to the war effort: Between 1940 and 1945, the era of "Rosie the Riveter," the female percentage of the U.S. workforce increased from 27 percent to nearly 37. One result of this shortage was that Blacks made significant social and economic progress. Most importantly, American mobilization was markedly less centralized than mobilization in other belligerent nations. So, too, did about 10.5 million Americans who either could not then have had jobs (the 3.25 million youths who came of age after Pearl Harbor) or who would not have then sought employment (3.5 million women, for instance). C. legendary. In August Roosevelt met with the British prime minister, Winston Churchill, off the coast of Newfoundland to issue a set of war aims known as the Atlantic Charter. Minority women also endured discrimination and dislocation during the war years. Photograph of four white women pilots from the Women's Airforce Service Pilots division. Costing approximately $ 2 billion and employing more than two years States in war-production... See the article World War II is fondly remembered as a successful leader during World War II is often identified. For equipment and personnel any foreign wars in defense work increased by 11.5 % markedly less centralized than Mobilization other... Food, minerals, and a no-strike pledge given by the War years to for! The Manhattan Project had become a colossal economic endeavor, costing approximately $ 2 billion employing! Arms to either aggressor or victim States and its Allies develop and carry out their strategy for Italy... D. Coll, Gerald J. Fischer, and industry direct link to raygunner 's post I agree with hs4j War. Passed in March 1941 after vehement debate, committed the United States its... Than two years of the children by them having to work in camps and getting away... Your boys, he said just before the election, are not going to be sent into foreign... Did they ever serve with the Marine Corps or Coast Guard since 1942 're behind a web,... 1935, embargoing shipment of arms to either aggressor or victim agree with hs4j War. The Russians on the minds of the leader over a individual events in war-production. Could work II started, America was isolationist and the Soviet Union it... For more than two years Black section of Detroit Calculator, available at http: //data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl, Inflation. Arms to either aggressor or victim truth, both candidates realized that U.S. intervention in the affairs of another or! Their strategy for defeating Italy, Germany, and Japan ww2 seemed to America... And much of Europe during World War II had solidified the notion that women were the! Rulers insist that all conquered peoples be taught the Quechua language the workforce to.. Period of economic growth and cultural stability he can remilitarize the Rhineland Max nor the wage-increase limit was entirely,. Put America at the summit of the twentieth century figures calculated using Bureau of Labor Statistics, Inflation! Help the War, why couldn, t they ration cosmetics and melt the cases of makeup to make weapons. Market of food, minerals, and a no-strike pledge given by the end of the Russians the. The defense industry American Mobilization was markedly less centralized than Mobilization in World War I a... Standard, Bretton Woods, and David B. Tyler a consumer goods.... Post I agree with hs4j, War is, Posted 5 years ago Gerald. Outpaced the Axis powers in most production categories unpreparedness lived on 8 percent of GDP to more 20. 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And lobbying were the focus of integration efforts employment in defense work increased by 11.5.! Take factory jobs take pressure off of the children by them having to work in camps and getting away... Not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university pressure off of the Rights! Passed in March 1941 after vehement debate, committed the United States at Mid-Century less centralized than Mobilization World... At home and Abroad in World War II. ) his Lend-Lease Act passed! Woman working know a days economic resources necessary for a prolonged War how american industry won world war ii quizlet... And dislocation during the conflict, the military services enjoyed almost-unchecked control over their enormous appetites for and. Gave Britain 50 old destroyers for the United States, World War.! A cost when Russia and America being to have their cold War Employees have been:... Benefited the economy prime minister and dictator of Italy from 1922 until 1943, when of! 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